Activity was exclusively driven by sympathetic inputs coming through the splanchnic nerve. Under basal conditions, chromaffin cells fired action potentials with frequencies between ∼0.2 and 4 Hz. To achieve this, we continuously monitored the electrical activity inside the adrenal medulla in the living anesthetized rat under basal conditions and under physiological stress. For this work we implemented electrophysiological techniques originally developed to elucidate CNS circuitry to characterize the functional micro-architecture of the adrenal medulla. Although the sympatho-adrenal pathway has been heavily studied, detailed knowledge on the central control and in-situ spatiotemporal responsiveness remains poorly understood. The adrenal medulla is populated by clustered chromaffin cells that secrete epinephrine or norepinephrine along with other peptides into the general bloodstream affecting multiple distant target organs. The adrenal medulla has long been recognized as playing a critical role in mammalian homeostasis and the stress response.
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